antibiotics

*Definition:

    The antibiotic is a chemical or natural substance, then developed by microorganisms that have the power to oppose the growth of microbial bacteria ( bacteriostatic ) or destroy ( bactericidal effect).

*The use of antibiotics:

The choice of antibiotic

    The choice of antibiotics is following rules :

Knowing the infectious agent : for antibiotic susceptibility testing .

Knowing the half-life and duration of action of the antibiotic.

Consider the field of patient age, allergies, history ...

Combinations of antibiotics

    The prescription can associate multiple antibiotics , the goals are :

Synergy enhance the effect of the action.

Avoid the resistance of germs.

Fight against microbial infection.

    The antibiotic combination obeys rules :

Do not combine drugs with antagonistic effects .

Do not combine drugs of the same family .

Do not combine medications same mode of action.

Do not combine drug toxicity as well .

Types of Antibiotics:

 

*Beta lactam:

-the penicillins:

Indications: varied. Bactericidal by blocking the synthesis of the bacterial wall .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .

Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction

-the cephalosporins:

indications:

ENT infections , respiratory, genitourinary , musculoskeletal , skin .

Serious infections.

Antibiotic .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .

Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction

-the Carboxypénicillines:

Indications : Effective against the pyocaniques .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .

Electrolyte disorders : risk hypokalemia, significant sodium intake : hypernatremia .

Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction

-other beta-lactams:

Indications: infections resistant to other beta-lactams.

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .

Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction

*the aminoglycosides:

Indications: associated with beta-lactams in endocardial infections , respiratory, genitourinary , renal, musculoskeletal , skin , septicemia .

Cons -indications : Known allergy gravis.

Side Effects:

Ototoxicity: the auditory nerve toxicity : promoted by high doses , kidney failure, hypovolemia , diuretics.

Renal toxicity.

Rare: allergic reactions.

*the macrolides:

Indications: ENT and pulmonary infections. Alternative to penicillin .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains , abdominal pain.

Intravenous erythromycin , cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac conduction, venous irritation.

Rare: allergic reactions.

*the tetracyclines:

indications:

Infectious diseases transmitted by animals.

Skin conditions : acne, rosacea.

Antibiotic .

Cons -indications : Known allergy, liver and / or kidney disease, exposure to sunlight or UV .

Side Effects:

Lyploplasie of tooth enamel : yellow teeth.

Photosensitivity skin .

Gastrointestinal disorders: ulceration , gastric , diarrhea, nausea , vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .

Rare: leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia , allergic reactions.

*the fluoroquinolones:

Indications: severe infections ( broad spectrum).

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Joint and muscle pain .

Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain .

Rare : allergic reactions , headache, kidney - liver -haematological toxicity.

*the glycopeptides:

indications:

Severe staphylococcal infections and enterococci resistant to other antibiotics.

Pseudo- membranous colitis Clostridium difficile .

Endocarditis prophylaxis if penicillin allergy .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Auditory toxicity .

Rare: allergic reactions.

*Nitro - Imidazoles:

Indications: anaerobic infections .

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Digestive disorders metallic taste in the mouth , diarrhea, nausea , vomiting, abdominal pain.

*the sulfonamides:

Indications: urinary and genital , toxoplasmosis infections.

Cons -indications : Known allergy.

Side Effects:

Allergic reactions: urticaria , rash , angioedema , bronchospasm .

Gastrointestinal disorders: anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

Hematologic : anemia , neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.