*Definition:
The antibiotic is a chemical or natural substance, then developed by microorganisms that have the power to oppose the growth of microbial bacteria ( bacteriostatic ) or destroy ( bactericidal effect).
*The use of antibiotics:
The choice of antibiotic
The choice of antibiotics is following rules :
Knowing the infectious agent : for antibiotic susceptibility testing .
Knowing the half-life and duration of action of the antibiotic.
Consider the field of patient age, allergies, history ...
Combinations of antibiotics
The prescription can associate multiple antibiotics , the goals are :
Synergy enhance the effect of the action.
Avoid the resistance of germs.
Fight against microbial infection.
The antibiotic combination obeys rules :
Do not combine drugs with antagonistic effects .
Do not combine drugs of the same family .
Do not combine medications same mode of action.
Do not combine drug toxicity as well .
Types of Antibiotics:
*Beta lactam:
-the penicillins:
Indications: varied. Bactericidal by blocking the synthesis of the bacterial wall .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .
Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction
-the cephalosporins:
indications:
ENT infections , respiratory, genitourinary , musculoskeletal , skin .
Serious infections.
Antibiotic .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .
Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction
-the Carboxypénicillines:
Indications : Effective against the pyocaniques .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .
Electrolyte disorders : risk hypokalemia, significant sodium intake : hypernatremia .
Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction
-other beta-lactams:
Indications: infections resistant to other beta-lactams.
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Allergic reaction: hives , rash , angioedema , anaphylactic shock .
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .
Rare: neutropenia, hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction
*the aminoglycosides:
Indications: associated with beta-lactams in endocardial infections , respiratory, genitourinary , renal, musculoskeletal , skin , septicemia .
Cons -indications : Known allergy gravis.
Side Effects:
Ototoxicity: the auditory nerve toxicity : promoted by high doses , kidney failure, hypovolemia , diuretics.
Renal toxicity.
Rare: allergic reactions.
*the macrolides:
Indications: ENT and pulmonary infections. Alternative to penicillin .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains , abdominal pain.
Intravenous erythromycin , cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac conduction, venous irritation.
Rare: allergic reactions.
*the tetracyclines:
indications:
Infectious diseases transmitted by animals.
Skin conditions : acne, rosacea.
Antibiotic .
Cons -indications : Known allergy, liver and / or kidney disease, exposure to sunlight or UV .
Side Effects:
Lyploplasie of tooth enamel : yellow teeth.
Photosensitivity skin .
Gastrointestinal disorders: ulceration , gastric , diarrhea, nausea , vomiting, gastrointestinal candidiasis .
Rare: leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia , allergic reactions.
*the fluoroquinolones:
Indications: severe infections ( broad spectrum).
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Joint and muscle pain .
Gastrointestinal disorders: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain .
Rare : allergic reactions , headache, kidney - liver -haematological toxicity.
*the glycopeptides:
indications:
Severe staphylococcal infections and enterococci resistant to other antibiotics.
Pseudo- membranous colitis Clostridium difficile .
Endocarditis prophylaxis if penicillin allergy .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Auditory toxicity .
Rare: allergic reactions.
*Nitro - Imidazoles:
Indications: anaerobic infections .
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Digestive disorders metallic taste in the mouth , diarrhea, nausea , vomiting, abdominal pain.
*the sulfonamides:
Indications: urinary and genital , toxoplasmosis infections.
Cons -indications : Known allergy.
Side Effects:
Allergic reactions: urticaria , rash , angioedema , bronchospasm .
Gastrointestinal disorders: anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
Hematologic : anemia , neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.
